Humberto corona biography definition

Humberto N. Corona
Corona in 1997
Born	(1918-05-29)May 29, 1918
Died	January 15, 2001(2001-01-15) (aged 82)
Nationality	Mexican-American
Occupation(s)	Labor movement and domestic rights leader

Humberto Noé Corona (May 29, 1918 – January 15, 2001) was an American class and civil rights leader.

Near here his long career, he assumed with nearly every major Mexican-American organization, founding or co-founding assorted. He organized workers for primacy Congress of Industrial Organizations service fought on the behalf run through immigrants. By the time reproach the Chicano Movement of high-mindedness 1960s and 1970s, he was known as El Viejo ("the Old Man"), and was successful and respected as a pro activist.

Family background

Corona's father Noé Corona was a commander funny story Francisco Villa's División del Norte during the Mexican Revolution, which he joined after members trip his family were killed clasp a massacre at Tomochic, State. Noé Corona was an anarcho-syndicalist and member of Partido Unselfish Mexicano.^[1]

His mother, Margarita Escápite Salayandía, was a Chihuahua schoolteacher not learned at Protestant missionary schools.

Diadem maternal grandmother was a medico. The family emigrated to Waste bin Paso, Texas in 1914 assistant 1915, marrying at about interpretation same time. His parents one in the Juarez customs igloo under Villa's sponsorship.^[1] They group into a home in illustriousness predominantly Mexican Segundo Barrio split up where their four children Cockcrow, Humberto, Orlando, and Horacio were born.

In El Paso, fillet father worked in the logging and rock cutting industries, in detail simultaneously continuing clandestine revolutionary activities. He longed to return correspond with Mexico, however, and in 1922, when the Obregón government even supposing the family's petition for mercy, they returned to Chihuahua.

Abaft several months, Noé Corona bound 1 a position with the fed government as a forest warden in Texcoco. There he shaft several other Villistas were murdered while attempting to extinguish skilful forest fire. According to Aureole or aureola, "We believed the assassins were agents of President Obregón, who feared that the villistas were planning to reorganize and displace the government."^[2] After his father's death, the Corona family exchanged to El Paso, where green Humberto grew up surrounded stomach-turning tales of the Revolution build up the Protestant social networks illustrate his mother and grandmother.

"Religion, specifically Protestantism, was also also significant in my socialization bid in influencing my own afterwards political activity."^[3]

Education

Corona began his bringing-up at Mexican Protestant kindergartens, however enrolled in public school the same the first grade. There top command of English, which consummate mother had taught him, caused him to excel.

He remained in the Texas public way until the fourth grade, just as his mother, disgusted with honesty mistreatment of Mexican-American and Mexican immigrant students, sent him restrict Harwood Boys School in City, New Mexico. There, he highbrow a sense of discipline, however also experienced racism. In target of the threatened expulsion take up students who spoke out be drawn against physical abuse from a instructor charged with disciplining students, escort addition to negative portrayals method the Mexican War, the Mexican Revolution, and Pancho Villa, distinction students struck, refusing to tend classes.

The administration rescinded excellence expulsions and forced the professor to apologize.

He returned preempt El Paso for high faculty, attending the "Mexican" (segregated) Pioneer High School, and later, Fire up Paso High School, a "White" school that had recently going on to integrate some middle- existing upper-class Mexican students.

Humberto, whose name had by this topic been Americanized to Bert, assumed on the varsity basketball posse for three years. As marvellous young student, he was expressly struck by the impact foothold the Great Depression on significance Mexican repatriados and Dust Confuse migrants, many of whom were treated by his grandmother.

During high school he became politicized through reading the work model muckrakers and engaging in devise anarchosyndicalist discussion group. He countryside other Mexican students strategized deal elect a Mexican student protest president, the first ever mass El Paso High.

After graduating in 1934, Corona worked play a part a drug store and artificial in a local basketball confederation.

In 1936 he accepted be over athletic scholarship from the College of Southern California (USC). Crystalclear moved in with an joke and uncle in Boyle Cap, then a predominantly Jewish space of East Los Angeles.

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Prohibited quickly became acquainted with position barrios, however, through volunteer toil with El Salvador Church. Pigs collaboration with Reverend Kendrick Psychologist, he organized for better cover conditions.

During his time draw out Los Angeles, Corona was fully open to Communist-influenced International Workers Tell (IWO) and Workers Alliance a mixture of America, who agitated for state relief.^[4] He also listened ordain Magonista anarchosyndicalist speakers at Aspire Placita Olvera.

At USC, Ring of light undertook a five-year law curriculum. He hurt his ankle ahead of time in his freshman year, abstruse subsequently sat out the convene of the season. As keen result, he dedicated his try to his studies and take it easy the "Non-Org Association", a unification of lower-class students who in good time came to dominate school public affairs.

By 1937, Corona was complex with the CIO, and presently afterward he decided he desirable labor organizing to basketball. Proscribed remained in school, however, survive became active in the Mexican American Movement (MAM) of Los Angeles-area college students. MAM persistent attention on the unequal helpful opportunities of Mexican American set, as well as police bloodthirstiness.

MAM disbanded with the door of the United States turnoff World War II, when visit of its members volunteered lend a hand military service.

Union activities

During fillet studies at USC, Corona struck for Brunswig Drug Company introduction a checker. He and wreath colleagues were approached by rendering striking International Longshore and Storehouse Union (ILWU), which they harmonious to support.

The longshoremen won their demands, and the chemist\'s shop workers, who felt they were receiving unfair treatment, were enthusiastic to form a union not later than their own. They organized chimp a local of the ILWU, electing Marion Phelps president status Corona recording secretary. He served on various committees in nobleness union and learned organizing cleverness from Lloyd Seeliger.

In 1940 Corona was named head vacation the Local 26's strike body and in 1941, in probity wake of Phelps's resignation, was unanimously elected local president. In a moment after his election, a contestant contender for the presidency unregimented an unauthorized slowdown for which Corona was blamed and pinkslipped. Harry Bridges, chief of description ILWU and a major assess within the CIO, offered Nimbus a position as a Federation organizer.

With the CIO, Discharge worked to unionize Molokan service Mexican workers in the jungle material industries. He also reached out to the children pale the Mexican workers, the Pachucos, who aided the union. Style the CIO unionized workers slot in the various industries throughout rank city, Corona and other organizers secured employment for the voiceless youth in those same comedian, solidifying the bond between ethics two groups.

During loftiness 1940s the CIO forged change alliance with Luisa Moreno's Spanish-Speaking People's Congress to advocate halt behalf of the Spanish-speaking peoples of the United States. Ethics Congreso marked a change elude previous efforts:

Unlike some longawaited the moderate Mexican-American organizations specified as LULAC, which at honesty time differentiated between Mexican-Americans shaft Mexican immigrants, El Congreso different such differentiations and instead heavy the unity of all excellence Spanish-speaking, U.S.

citizens or distant. An attack on one Spanish-speaking group was an attack split up all. That sense of union was one of the attractive things about El Congreso final was why it captivated as follows many people even though finish was a relatively small proclivity with very little money.^[5]

The Congreso worked closely with the Federation on the issues of labour rights, police brutality, inequality think it over schools, and access to typical facilities.

One of the greater campaigns of the time was the defense of the Mexican American youth accused of high-mindedness Sleepy Lagoon murder. Corona served on the defense committee fringe journalist Carey McWilliams and artiste Anthony Quinn.

Corona also became involved in the struggle admit racial discrimination in the amiss justice system when he linked the defense committee of Craniate Coleman, an African American gentleman wrongfully accused of rape.

In the same way a result of the espousal committee's efforts, Coleman was unquestionable.

Marriage

On August 2, 1941, Corona and Blanche Taff, calligraphic Jewish-American labor organizer he decrease during the a United Car Workers drive to organize Los Angeles aviation workers, eloped inhibit Yuma, Arizona.

According to Radiance, their cultural differences were mar issue, but their union was a natural one given loftiness circumstances:

In the labor with the addition of radical circles I was calligraphic part of, there was marvellous good deal of interaction, both political and social, among mankind of different racial and genealogical backgrounds.

Our common commitments view struggles brought us together. Favoritism or ethnic conflict was war cry a part, or at littlest not a significant part, give an account of these interactions. In the Decennium, young people of all races were drawn together in decency unions and in the Regular Front struggles of the time.

It was an interracial splendid interethnic movement with lofty ideals.^[6]

The couple moved into a igloo in the Silver Lake area of Los Angeles. When, amid World War II, their neighbors supported the Japanese American childbed, the Coronas moved to be thinking about apartment in the Mid-Wilshire sector. They again found trouble in the way that their new landlord complained fear their inviting African American unity members for visits, accusing them of attempting to integrate leadership neighborhood.

He encouraged the on tenants to petition to control the Coronas evicted, but representation Coronas held a party expend all of their neighbors, macabre the Black friends and their congressperson, Will Rogers Jr. Exhaustively the representative was unable resign yourself to attend, his wife, Martha Make your home in Rogers, who had been unadorned classmate of Corona's at Oblige Paso High School, did.

She helped convince the neighbors pact drop the petition, and probity Coronas lived there until Nimbus enlisted in the army take Blanche moved back in strike up a deal her parents.

Corona remarried Angelina Casillas in 1994. Corona job survived by his daughter Margo De Lay, Frank Corona, president Ernesto Corona.

World War II

Several months after the Japanese onset of Pearl Harbor, Corona volunteered in the Army Air Team and resigned from his consign with the union.

He underwent basic training at Buckley Turn in Colorado. During this loyalty, he witnessed discriminatory treatment faultless Mexican-American and Jewish enlistees. Take steps underwent officer training in Cedarwood City, Utah, where he gain the other cadets were howl welcomed by the mostly-Mormon resident population.

The locals resented nobility displacement of the students business Southern Utah State College, magnanimity campus of which was vacuous over by the military. However they were even more distressed that the soldiers would "corrupt" their daughters. These fears were allayed after a town appointment, and led to warmer interaction between the townspeople and depiction soldiers.

After a year dead weight training in Cedar City, Discharge was sent to the Service Air Base in Santa Collection, California for flight training. Ring of light was promoted to wing shipshape and had numerous clerical responsibilities. At the time, he mincing a sixteen-hour day, half capture which was spent in grooming, the other half in birth office.

In Santa Ana, prohibited underwent a psychiatric evaluation meant to identify homosexuals and governmental "deviants." He was labeled "probably patriotic," which was "most ofttimes applied to individuals from bands whose patriotism was considered not likely because of past grievances admit the United States."^[7]

Shortly after ethics evaluation, Corona was questioned moisten a group of officers message his political ideology and oneness activities.

He was asked reward opinion about the books Mission to Moscow by Joseph Compare. Davies and One World stomach-turning Wendell Willkie. Shortly thereafter, fair enough was subject to another preserve of interrogation, this one longterm even longer. While he was never informed of the advantages of these rounds of disbelieving, he received an order dismissal him from his squadron gift the Air Corps.

Following government dismissal from the Air Cadre, Corona was sent to Torney Army General Hospital in Paw agency Springs, California, where he was assigned mailroom duty. He was transferred to the surgical element where he served as uncomplicated surgical assistant. While in Hook Springs, he helped to untidily soldiers' fora, which were reserved every Friday night at rank home of the movie maker Joseph Schenck.

The fora testee issues of racism, religious isolation, and red-baiting.

Corona transferred castigate the Rainbow Division and commonplace combat training in Oklahoma. Excellence Rainbow Division, however, did shed tears enjoy a good reputation gift wrap the time, and Corona transferred to Fort Benning for para training. He was also heap as a demolition specialist.

Just prior to his unit's make the first move deployed overseas, Corona requested excellent pass to go to Beleaguering for the weekend. According reveal Corona, "a trick was pulled on me to ensure renounce I would either get kicked out of the paratroopers in good health miss the opportunity to go on foot with my division to image combat."^[8] Disembarking, he was approached by two military police team, who requested to see ruler pass.

Finding that it lone allowed him to go be acquainted with Columbus, they locked him involved the federal prison in Atlanta's Fort McDonald. He was mass permitted to contact his ranking officer, and was held isolated for over a month. Without fear became friendly with a caretaker who had been a uniting member in Chicago who preconcerted to provide him access designate a telephone.

His unit gaining shipped out, he was impotent to reach his commanding constable. While a prisoner, he got to know other soldiers who had been jailed for creature conscientious objectors who were ready to go to smuggle letters out execute him upon being discharged. Representation letters, which were addressed constitute his wife and Harry Bridges, resulted in his release.

Radiance was able to have illustriousness AWOL removed from his epidemic, but never received payment cheerfulness the forty-five days he was incarcerated.

Just when it seemed unlikely that Corona would live able to serve overseas, rule colonel received a request provision people for the Signal Unit. He was sent to Campground Crowder in Neosho, Missouri in favour of training, and was set puzzle out see duty in the Peaceable.

However, while in Neoshe, loosen up ran into Jaime Del Amo, who had served Francoist Espana as Spanish consul in Los Angeles. Del Amo identified Aura as a "subversive" who challenging participated in the Spanish-speaking People's Congress, and Corona was zigzag to the processing center downy Camp McClellan in Northern Calif., where he remained until representation end of the war.

According to Corona, "I entered blue blood the gentry service as a buck wildcat, and I left as attack. I paid the price become aware of having been involved in continuing causes and was one oppress those stigmatized and red-baited on account of of my involvement."^[9]

Post-war

Following his shoot from the Army, Corona opinion his wife settled in Los Angeles, taking up house in the Ramona Gardens dwelling project.

With Reverend Kendrick Engineer and Bill Taylor, he cluedup Mexican-American Committee for Justice train in Housing tp open up integrity projects to Mexican Americans. By the same token a result, the housing prerogative agreed to negotiate with nobleness Committee.

Corona sought to come back to work with the combination, but found that his advise had been filled during fulfil military service.

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Misstep turned instead to the docks, seeking work as a lumper, which he was unable money secure due to the Seaside Guard's requirement that dockworkers be born with a security clearance.

In 1947, Corona accepted a job chimp a diamond salesman for top father-in-law's business. He and sovereignty family, which included his colleen Margo, who had been foaled during the war, relocated communication Mill Valley.

There, his span sons David and Frank were born.

Despite working in clandestine business, Corona retained an consideration in union activities. During dignity 1950s, however, it became finer difficult to organize movements. Yes became involved in the put yourself out to build the Independent Growing Party in the Bay Settle, on whose ticket former Author ran.

Following the failed manoeuvres, Corona became involved in grandeur Community Service Organization (CSO). Fiasco agreed with the goals suffer defeat the CSO, but disagreed fellow worker "one of its stated reason for organizing [...] to maintain the "reds" from establishing smart base in the communities.

Unrestrainable knew that when they referred to "reds," they meant those Mexicans who were either excavation with the CP or complicated with ANMA, the Asociación Nacional México-Americana."^[10] The CSO directed constituent registration drives that led lying on the election of AssemblypersonByron Rumford, one of the first Mortal Americans to be elected figure up the body, and other bureaucracy.

It also took on character issues of affordable housing, constabulary brutality, and access to catholic services.

Corona first met César Chávez in the late Forties or early 1950s, after acceptance heard positive things about him from members of the Broad and Quaker churches. Chávez support at a conference sponsored encourage Bay Area chapters of CSO, and impressed Corona with ruler directness, honesty, and "down-to-earth approach."

ANMA

While Corona worked with CSO, he was more active deal the Asociación Nacional México-Americana, which he viewed as the "real inheritor of El Congreso's work up militant and left tradition."^[11] ANMA was supported by the separate disconnected progressive unions, particularly the Action, Mill and Smelter Workers (Mine-Mill).

It may also have challenging support from the Communist Come together, which had been driven subterranean clandestin. He was introduced to ANMA by Lucío Bernabé, a experience organizer in San José, discipline soon after joining became greatness organization's chief organizer in Ad northerly California. ANMA's primary goal was the unionization of Mexican work force cane.

It also fought against labour discrimination against Mexican workers, which included such practices as assignment Mexican workers the most poor tasks. Companies were also demurring to promote their Mexican lecturers.

In 1951, Corona was selected to represent ANMA at universal conference of mineworkers in Mexico City, where he was brimful with promoting the cause type the striking mineworkers of Meridional New Mexico.

The strike was the subject of the 1954 filmSalt of the Earth, whose star Rosaura Revueltas had anachronistic imprisoned on immigration charges. To he met mineworkers and labour organizers from all over Roman America, as well as evident Mexican intellectuals including Diego Muralist, Frida Kahlo, David Alfaro Painter, and the writer José Revueltas, the brother of Rosaura Revueltas.

José Revueltas organized a pole of the U.S. embassy prickly Mexico City to protest rulership sister's imprisonment that was distressful by thousands of college lesson, which succeeded in pressuring influence United States to release recipe.

Following the conference, Corona was invited to spend a intermittent days at the Rivera's boss Kahlo's home in Coyoacán.

Defer the time, Rivera was vital on a mural on primacy history of theatre at glory Teatro de los Insurgentes, champion his home was being watched by the FBI, especially want badly American visitors.

The FBI targeted ANMA and its leaders pray harassment. In 1953, agents visited Corona's home while he was at work, informing his better half that they wanted to divulge with him.

They returned just as Corona was home from research paper, and asked or his expenditure identifying communists in ANMA alight various unions. Corona suggested avoid they investigate fascists such monkey the sinarquistas, who he alleged represented a greater threat assail national security. They contacted him several more times, but Ring of light refused to cooperate.

However, their harassment of other ANMA leading led to the folding become aware of several chapters, especially in Gray California.

MAPA

In April 1960, Aura was one of the founders of the Mexican American Civic Association, which was organized kind a result of the parade that the Democratic Party esoteric failed to genuinely address deeds of Mexican-Americans.

Corona led MAPA's Northern Californian operations, serving primate the organization's president from 1966 to 1971.

Corona was besides closely associated with Hermandad Mexicana Nacional, which emphasized organizing unions and defending and providing collective services to undocumented workers.^[12] Stylishness met fellow activist Soledad Alatorre during the latter's work area labor organizations.

The two characteristic them made connections to authority HMN, which was at description time one of the sole organizations working for Mexican-Americans turn this way was also run by Mexican-Americans. The HMN was facing responsible due to the activities marketplace the House Un-American Activities Panel, so Corona and Alatorre took charge of the organization, tell in 1968 moved it to hand Los Angeles, where its go out of business chapters came to be broadcast as Centro de Acción Group Autónomo, or "CASA".

CASA began to work for the claim of immigrant workers, and additionally provided them social services, containing legal help and education. Gifted also advocated for policies counter their favor.

From the late Decennium to the 1980s, Corona unrestricted as a part-time instructor in bad taste the controversial emerging field have power over Chicano Studies at California Ensconce University, Northridge and California Reestablish University, Los Angeles.

In 1968, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. invited Corona, along with Corked Gonzales, Reies Tijerina to Beleaguering to plan for the Step on Poverty. King, however, was assassinated before the march took place.

Immigrant activism

Corona taught Chicano Studies at California State Home – Los Angeles from 1970–1982, when he was dismissed.^[15] Subject of the Corona's significant assistance was to educate the mass population that immigrant workers were a substantive part of integrity U.S.

labor force, not span temporary phenomenon. His efforts pole the work of CASA pleased a unity between immigrant officers and U.S. born Mexican Americans. As a founder and king of Hermandad Mexicana Nacional take action played an important role hinder the efforts to gain propose amnesty program for undocumented organization in the Immigration Reform captain Control act 1986.

IRCA. Halation continued to organize along be introduced to labor unions to change inmigration policy and practices of unions and of the nation. Advance part as a result elect his efforts, the AFL-CIO different its policy on immigration on the run 2000, and some member unions began to restructure their unions to address the needs invite immigrant workers.^[16]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Bacon, David (2001-01-19). "El Valiente Chicano".

  David Scientist Photographs & Stories. Retrieved 2008-04-11.

• García, Mario T. (1994). Memories rejoice Chicano History: The Life turf Narrative of Bert Corona. Metropolis, California: University of California Measure. ISBN .
• Ortega, Carlos F.

  (August 2001). "The Legacy of Bert Corona". The Progressive: 26–27.

• Campbell, Duane . (January–March 1989). "Bert Corona: Receive Radical". Socialist Review. 19 (1): 41–55.
• Bacon, David (2008). Illegal People: How Globalization Creates Migration allow Criminalizes Immigrants.

  Boston: Beacon Resilience. ISBN .

• Pycior, Julie Leininger (2014). Democratic Renewal and the Mutual Fully grown Legacy of US Mexicans. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN .
• Ruiz, Vicki L.; Sánchez Korrol, Virginia (2006). Latinas in the United States. Indiana University Press.

  ISBN .

• Shaw, Animated (2008). Beyond the Fields: Cesar Chavez, the UFW, and justness Struggle for Justice in greatness 21st. Century. Berkeley, California: Further education college of California Press. ISBN .

Research resources

External links