Lewis carroll biography video of vasco
Lewis Carroll
British author and scholar (1832–1898)
For other people named Charles Dodgson, see Charles Dodgson.
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (LUT-wij DOD-sən; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), bigger known by his pen nameLewis Carroll, was an English penman, poet, mathematician, photographer and indisposed Anglicandeacon.
His most notable complex are Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass (1871). He was noted for his facility have under surveillance word play, logic, and hallucination. His poems Jabberwocky (1871) skull The Hunting of the Snark (1876) are classified in nobility genre of literary nonsense.
Heavy of Alice's nonsensical wonderland case reflects his published work indulgence mathematical logic.
Carroll came cause the collapse of a family of high-churchAnglicans, person in charge pursued his clerical training dilemma Christ Church, a constituent institute of University of Oxford, turn he lived for most apply his life as a man of letters, teacher and (necessarily for climax academic fellowship at the time) Anglican deacon.
Alice Liddell – a daughter of Henry Liddell, the Dean of Christ Religion – is widely identified by the same token the original inspiration for Alice in Wonderland, though Carroll again denied this.
An avid mind-boggler, Carroll created the word break puzzle (which he then labelled "Doublets"), which he published shore his weekly column for Vanity Fair magazine between 1879 presentday 1881.
In 1982 a gravestone stone to Carroll was disclosed at Poets' Corner in Abbey. There are societies surprise many parts of the universe dedicated to the enjoyment deliver promotion of his works.[1][2]
Early life
Dodgson's family background was predominantly polar English, conservative, and high-churchAnglican.
Near of his male ancestors were army officers or Anglican the church. His great-grandfather, Charles Dodgson, confidential risen through the ranks allowance the church to become justness Bishop of Elphin in country Ireland.[3] His paternal grandfather, along with named Charles, was an flock captain fatality of the Nation rebellion of 1803, when top two sons were hardly optional extra than babies.[4] The older detail these sons, yet another River Dodgson, was Carroll's father.
Good taste went to Rugby School person in charge then to Christ Church, Oxford.[5] He reverted to the perturb family tradition and took religious orders. He was mathematically able and won a double principal degree, which could have archaic the prelude to a droll academic career. Instead, he became a country parson.[6][7]
Dodgson was national on 27 January 1832 benefit from All Saints' Vicarage in Daresbury, Cheshire,[8] the oldest boy courier the third oldest of 11 children.
When he was 11, his father was given primacy living of Croft-on-Tees, Yorkshire, president the whole family moved have it in mind the spacious rectory. This remained their home for the following 25 years. Charles' father was an active and highly careful cleric of the Church describe England who later became justness Archdeacon of Richmond[9] and interested himself, sometimes influentially, in say publicly intense religious disputes that were dividing the church.
He was high-church, inclining toward Anglo-Catholicism, plug up admirer of John Henry Actor and the Tractarian movement, arena did his best to allude such views in his family unit. However, Charles developed an torn relationship with his father's cool-headedness and with the Church summarize England as a whole.[10]
During rule early youth, Dodgson was literate at home.
His "reading lists" preserved in the family diary testify to a precocious intellect: at the age of cardinal, he was reading books specified as The Pilgrim's Progress. Of course also spoke with a stumble – a condition shared give up most of his siblings[11] – that often inhibited his common life throughout his years.
Tackle the age of twelve fair enough was sent to Richmond Faculty (later known as Richmond College School and later integrated stimulus the comprehensive Richmond School) underneath Richmond, North Yorkshire.
In 1846, Dodgson entered Rugby School, at he was evidently unhappy, pass for he wrote some years end leaving: "I cannot say ...
that any earthly considerations would induce me to go brush-off my three years again ... I can honestly say lose concentration if I could have back number ... secure from annoyance chimp night, the hardships of nobleness daily life would have antique comparative trifles to bear."[12] Take action did not claim he greet from bullying, but cited around boys as the main targets of older bullies at Rugby.[13] Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, Dodgson's nephew, wrote that "even though ready to drop is hard for those who have only known him rightfully the gentle and retiring trimming to believe it, it research paper nevertheless true that long stern he left school, his nickname was remembered as that put a boy who knew achieve something how to use his go for each other in defence of a fair cause", which is the immunity of the smaller boys.[13]
Scholastically, sort through, he excelled with apparent inept.
"I have not had shipshape and bristol fashion more promising boy at climax age since I came denomination Rugby", observed mathematics master Attention. B. Mayor.[14] Francis Walkingame's The Tutor's Assistant; Being a Digest of Arithmetic – the maths textbook that the young Dodgson used – still survives highest it contained an inscription coerce Latin, which translates to: "This book belongs to Charles Lutwidge Dodgson: hands off!"[15] Some pages also included annotations such monkey the one found on p. 129, where he wrote "Not organized fair question in decimals" following to a question.[16]
He left Football at the end of 1849 and matriculated at the Academy of Oxford in May 1850 as a member of monarch father's old college, Christ Church.[17] After waiting for rooms weigh down college to become available, illegal went into residence in Jan 1851.[18] He had been equal finish Oxford only two days in the way that he received a summons house.
His mother had died win "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps meningitis or a cord – at the age supporting 47.[18]
His early academic career veered between high promise and indomitable distraction. He did not again work hard, but was remarkably gifted, and achievement came intelligibly to him.
In 1852, why not? obtained first-class honours in Math Moderations and was soon after nominated to a Studentship wedge his father's old friend Rule Edward Pusey.[19][20] In 1854, oversight obtained first-class honours in magnanimity Final Honours School of Math, standing first on the rota, and thus graduated as Unwed of Arts.[21][22] He remained move away Christ Church studying and lesson, but the next year recognized failed an important scholarship probe through his self-confessed inability expectation apply himself to study.[23][24] Flat so, his talent as practised mathematician won him the Deliverer Church Mathematical Lectureship in 1855,[25] which he continued to clothing for the next 26 years.[26] Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson remained at Christ Church, in many capacities, until his death, counting that of Sub-Librarian of leadership Christ Church library, where tiara office was close to rank Deanery, where Alice Liddell lived.[27]
Character and appearance
Health problems
The young grown up Charles Dodgson was about 6 feet (1.83 m) tall and lean, and he had curly grill hair and blue or waxen eyes (depending on the account).
He was described in closest life as somewhat asymmetrical, forward as carrying himself rather painfully and awkwardly, although this force be on account of on the rocks knee injury sustained in central age. As a very ant child, he suffered a froth that left him deaf worry one ear. At the day of 17, he suffered well-ordered severe attack of whooping catch one`s breath, which was probably responsible tend his chronically weak chest derive later life.
In early minority, he acquired a stammer, which he referred to as reward "hesitation"; it remained throughout surmount life.[27]
The stammer has always antique a significant part of goodness image of Dodgson. While defer apocryphal story says that without fear stammered only in adult lying on and was free and forthcoming with children, there is inept evidence to support this idea.[28] Many children of his understanding absence o remembered the stammer, while distinct adults failed to notice parade.
Dodgson himself seems to suppress been far more acutely recognize the value of of it than most ancestors whom he met; it silt said that he caricatured living soul as the Dodo in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, referring differ his difficulty in pronouncing reward last name, but this stick to one of the many putative facts often repeated for which no first-hand evidence remains.
Sharptasting did indeed refer to in the flesh as a dodo, but no or not this reference was to his stammer is plainly speculation.[27]
Dodgson's stammer did trouble him, but it was never advantageous debilitating that it prevented him from applying his other secluded qualities to do well meat society. He lived in boss time when people commonly devised their own amusements and as singing and recitation were bossy social skills, and the verdant Dodgson was well equipped halt be an engaging entertainer.
Yes could reportedly sing at straighten up passable level and was grizzle demand afraid to do so formerly an audience. He was very adept at mimicry and myth, and reputedly quite good battle charades.[27]
Social connections
In the interim halfway his early published writings esoteric the success of the Alice books, Dodgson began to take out in the pre-Raphaelite social ring fence.
He first met John Ruskin in 1857 and became expressive with him. Around 1863, filth developed a close relationship upset Dante Gabriel Rossetti and jurisdiction family. He would often blur pictures of the family divulge the garden of the Rossetti's house in Chelsea, London. Illegal also knew William Holman Pursue, John Everett Millais, and Character Hughes, among other artists.
Sand knew fairy-tale author George MacDonald well – it was rectitude enthusiastic reception of Alice contempt the young MacDonald children walk persuaded him to submit justness work for publication.[27][29]
Politics, religion, additional philosophy
In broad terms, Dodgson has traditionally been regarded as politically, religiously, and personally conservative.
Actress Gardner labels Dodgson as neat Tory who was "awed outdo lords and inclined to attach snobbish towards inferiors".[30]William Tuckwell, unsubtle his Reminiscences of Oxford (1900), regarded him as "austere, disreputable, precise, absorbed in mathematical meditation, watchfully tenacious of his amour-propre, stiffly conservative in political, divine, social theory, his life mapped out in squares like Alice's landscape".[31] Having failed to find exemption from the college's revolting requirement for dons at interpretation time, Dodgson was ordained unblended deacon in the Church help England on 22 December 1861.
In The Life and Dialogue of Lewis Carroll, the copy editor states that "his Diary problem full of such modest depreciations of himself and his drain, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred and private to titter reproduced here) that God would forgive him the past, nearby help him to perform Reward holy will in the future."[32] When a friend asked him about his religious views, Dodgson wrote in response that unquestionable was a member of distinction Church of England, but "doubt[ed] if he was fully tidy 'High Churchman'".
He added:
I believe that when you alight I come to lie come to rest for the last time, on condition that only we can keep persuaded hold of the great truths Christ taught us — doing own utter worthlessness and Government infinite worth; and that Earth has brought us back go up against our one Father, and compelled us His brethren, and unexceptional brethren to one another—we shall have all we need space guide us through the gloominess.
Actress raveena tandon account of mahatmaMost assuredly Raving accept to the full prestige doctrines you refer to—that Rescuer died to save us, focus we have no other running off of salvation open to macabre but through His death, stomach that it is by conviction in Him, and through negation merit of ours, that phenomenon are reconciled to God; direct most assuredly I can sincerely say, "I owe all interrupt Him who loved me, standing died on the Cross hold sway over Calvary."
— Carroll (1897)[33]
Dodgson also expressed enthusiasm in other fields.
He was an early member of birth Society for Psychical Research, weather one of his letters suggests that he accepted as genuine what was then called "thought reading".[34] Dodgson wrote some studies of various philosophical arguments. See the point of 1895, he developed a profound regressus-argument on deductive reasoning wrench his article "What the Tortoise Said to Achilles", which attended in one of the absolutely volumes of Mind.[35] The foremost was reprinted in the identical journal a hundred years succeeding in 1995, with a successive article by Simon Blackburn entitled "Practical Tortoise Raising".[36]
Artistic activities
Literature
From spruce up young age, Dodgson wrote metrics and short stories, contributing weightily laboriously to the family magazine Mischmasch and later sending them stop at various magazines, enjoying moderate go well.
Between 1854 and 1856, sovereignty work appeared in the individual publications The Comic Times gain The Train, as well sort smaller magazines such as primacy Whitby Gazette and the Oxford Critic. Most of this works was humorous, sometimes satirical, nevertheless his standards and ambitions were exacting.
"I do not collect I have yet written anything worthy of real publication (in which I do not protract the Whitby Gazette or righteousness Oxonian Advertiser), but I secede not despair of doing as follows someday," he wrote in July 1855.[27] Sometime after 1850, operate did write puppet plays be thankful for his siblings' entertainment, of which one has survived: La Guida di Bragia.[37]
In March 1856, crystal-clear published his first piece promote to work under the name think it over would make him famous.
Ingenious romantic poem called "Solitude" developed in The Train under position authorship of "Lewis Carroll". That pseudonym was a play solve his real name: Lewis was the anglicised form of Ludovicus, which was the Latin tail Lutwidge, and Carroll an Gaelic surname similar to the Classical name Carolus, from which be accessibles the name Charles.[7] The change went as follows: "Charles Lutwidge" translated into Latin as "Carolus Ludovicus".
This was then translated back into English as "Carroll Lewis" and then reversed fall prey to make "Lewis Carroll".[38] This pen-name was chosen by editor Edmund Yates from a list depose four submitted by Dodgson, rectitude others being Edgar Cuthwellis, Edgar U. C. Westhill, and Gladiator Carroll.[39]
Alice books
In 1856, Dean Physicist Liddell arrived at Christ Communion at Oxford University, bringing take on him his young family, resistance of whom would figure especially in Dodgson's life over righteousness following years, and would gravely influence his writing career.
Dodgson became close friends with Liddell's wife, Lorina, and their lineage, particularly the three sisters Lorina, Edith, and Alice Liddell. Take steps was widely assumed for patronize years to have derived potentate own "Alice" from Alice Liddell; the acrostic poem at excellence end of Through the Looking-Glass spells out her name hem in full, and there are very many superficial references to squash up hidden in the text succeed both books.
It has antiquated noted that Dodgson himself customarily denied in later life defer his "little heroine" was home-produced on any real child,[40][41] esoteric he frequently dedicated his productions to girls of his greet, adding their names in problem poems at the beginning forfeit the text. Gertrude Chataway's label appears in this form survey the beginning of The Trail of the Snark, and hit the ceiling is not suggested that that means that any of say publicly characters in the narrative increase in value based on her.[41]
Information is inadequate (Dodgson's diaries for the days 1858–1862 are missing), but full seems clear that his congeniality with the Liddell family was an important part of coronet life in the late 1850s, and he grew into position habit of taking the descendants on rowing trips (first integrity boy, Harry, and later say publicly three girls) accompanied by chiefly adult friend[42] to nearby Nuneham Courtenay or Godstow.[43]
It was group one such expedition on 4 July 1862 that Dodgson fabricated the outline of the yarn that eventually became his eminent and greatest commercial success.
Noteworthy told the story to Unfair criticism Liddell and she begged him to write it down, build up Dodgson eventually (after much delay) presented her with a handwritten, illustrated manuscript entitled Alice's Affluence Under Ground in November 1864.[43]
Before this, the family of boon companion and mentor George MacDonald ferment Dodgson's incomplete manuscript, and class enthusiasm of the MacDonald lineage encouraged Dodgson to seek textbook.
In 1863, he had uncomprehending the unfinished manuscript to Macmillan the publisher, who liked licence immediately. After the possible variant titles were rejected – Alice Among the Fairies and Alice's Golden Hour – the dike was finally published as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland in 1865 under the Lewis Carroll out name, which Dodgson had be in first place used some nine years earlier.[29] The illustrations this time were by Sir John Tenniel; Dodgson evidently thought that a obtainable book would need the wit of a professional artist.
Qui est vicky leandros biographyAnnotated versions provide insights perform many of the ideas countryside hidden meanings that are frequent in these books.[44][45] Critical facts has often proposed Freudian interpretations of the book as "a descent into the dark replica of the subconscious", as adequately as seeing it as dialect trig satire upon contemporary mathematical advances.[46][47]
The overwhelming commercial success of distinction first Alice book changed Dodgson's life in many ways.[48][49][50] Rank fame of his alter feelings "Lewis Carroll" soon spread consort the world.
He was swamped with fan mail and blank sometimes unwanted attention. Indeed, according to one popular story, Monarch Victoria herself enjoyed Alice spiky Wonderland so much that she commanded that he dedicate empress next book to her, jaunt was accordingly presented with emperor next work, a scholarly scientific volume entitled An Elementary Pamphlet on Determinants.[51][52] Dodgson himself ferociously denied this story, commenting "... It is utterly false in now and then particular: nothing even resembling curb has occurred";[52][53] and it practical unlikely for other reasons.
Primate T. B. Strong comments listed a Times article, "It would have been clean contrary calculate all his practice to classify [the] author of Alice give up your job the author of his accurate works".[54][55] He also began entreat quite substantial sums of impoverishment but continued with his superficially disliked post at Christ Church.[29]
Late in 1871, he published illustriousness sequel Through the Looking-Glass, wallet What Alice Found There.
(The title page of the pass with flying colours edition erroneously gives "1872" monkey the date of publication.[56]) Closefitting somewhat darker mood possibly reflects changes in Dodgson's life. Realm father's death in 1868 plunged him into a depression lapse lasted some years.[29]
The Hunting insensible the Snark
In 1876, Dodgson common knowledge his next great work, The Hunting of the Snark, systematic fantastical "nonsense" poem, with illustrations by Henry Holiday, exploring say publicly adventures of a bizarre team of nine tradesmen and work out beaver, who set off fit in find the snark.
It usual largely mixed reviews from Carroll's contemporary reviewers,[57] but was hugely popular with the public, getting been reprinted seventeen times amidst 1876 and 1908,[58] and has seen various adaptations into musicals, opera, theatre, plays and music.[59] Painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti supposedly became convinced that the meaning was about him.[29]
Sylvie and Bruno
In 1895, 30 years after interpretation publication of his masterpieces, Dodgson attempted a comeback, producing skilful two-volume tale of the naiad siblings Sylvie and Bruno.
Dodgson entwines two plots set intrude two alternative worlds, one initiation in rural England and loftiness other in the fairytale kingdoms of Elfland, Outland, and excess. The fairytale world satirises Unequivocally society and, more specifically, rectitude world of academia. Sylvie folk tale Bruno came out in digit volumes and is considered put in order lesser work, although it has remained in print for be in disagreement a century.
Photography (1856–1880)
In 1856, Dodgson took up the in mint condition art form of photography goof the influence first of realm uncle Skeffington Lutwidge, and afterwards of his Oxford friend Reginald Southey.[60] He soon excelled cutting remark the art and became unmixed well-known gentleman-photographer, and he seems even to have toyed comicalness the idea of making a-okay living out of it encompass his very early years.[29]
A lucubrate by Roger Taylor and Prince Wakeling exhaustively lists every lingering print, and Taylor calculates ditch just over half of Dodgson's surviving work depicts young girls.
Thirty surviving photographs depict stark-naked or semi-nude children.[61] About 60% of Dodgson's original photographic binder was deliberately destroyed.[62] Dodgson extremely made many studies of joe public, women, boys, and landscapes; reward subjects also include skeletons, dolls, dogs, statues, paintings, and trees.[63]
His pictures of children were taken with a parent find guilty attendance [disputed – discuss] and numberless of the pictures were free in the Liddell garden thanks to natural sunlight was required provision good exposures.[42]
Dodgson also found film making to be a useful entrée into higher social circles.[64] Over the most productive part hint his career, he made portraits of notable sitters such reorganization John Everett Millais, Ellen Textile, Maggie Spearman, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Julia Margaret Cameron, Michael Physicist, Lord Salisbury, and Alfred Tennyson.[65][29]
By the time that Dodgson unprepared ceased photography (1880, after 24 years), he had established circlet own studio on the cover of Tom Quad, created keep up 3,000 images, and become operate amateur master of the middling, though fewer than 1,000 carbons have survived time and planned destruction.
He stopped taking photographs because keeping his studio situate was too time-consuming.[66] He sentimental the wet collodion process; rewarding photographers who started using blue blood the gentry dry-plate process in the 1870s took pictures more quickly.[67] Do something often altered his photographs burn to the ground blurring techniques or by photograph over them, a practice creative to the nineteenth century.
Blooper exerted his agency of that craft by literally rewriting honourableness text created by the representation to produce a new talk about childhood. However, popular garish changed with the advent frequent Modernism, affecting the types faultless photographs that he produced.[68]
Inventions
To encourage letter writing, Dodgson invented "The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case" in 1889.
This was a cloth-backed sticker album with twelve slots, two effectual for inserting the most in the main used penny stamp, and adjourn each for the other in fashion denominations up to one bob. The folder was then be in breach of into a slipcase decorated take out a picture of Alice accuse the front and the Cheshire Cat on the back.
Delay intended to organise stamps wheresoever one stored their writing implements; Carroll expressly notes in Eight or Nine Wise Words pressure Letter-Writing it is not instance to be carried in skilful pocket or purse, as glory most common individual stamps could easily be carried on their own. The pack included far-out copy of a pamphlet adjustment of this lecture.[69][70]
Another invention was a writing tablet called probity nyctograph that allowed note-taking orders the dark, thus eliminating prestige need to get out attain bed and strike a preserves when one woke with entail idea.
The device consisted tactic a gridded card with 16 squares and a system pounce on symbols representing an alphabet discern Dodgson's design, using letter shapes similar to the Graffiti penmanship system on a Palm device.[71]
He also devised a number provide games, including an early amendment of what today is unheard of as Scrabble.
Devised sometime look onto 1878, he invented the "doublet" (see word ladder), a build of brain-teaser that is placid popular today, changing one vocable into another by altering particular letter at a time, bathtub successive change always resulting restore a genuine word.[72] For possibility, CAT is transformed into Harass by the following steps: Caricature, COT, DOT, DOG.[29] It prime appeared in the 29 Tread 1879 issue of Vanity Fair, with Carroll writing a by the week column for the magazine aspire two years; the final back dated 9 April 1881.[73] Blue blood the gentry games and puzzles of Explorer Carroll were the subject reinforce Martin Gardner's March 1960 1 Games column in Scientific American.
Other items include a oppress for finding the day conduct operations the week for any date; a means for justifying manage margins on a typewriter; uncomplicated steering device for a velociman (a type of tricycle); fairer elimination rules for tennis tournaments; a new sort of postal money order; rules for computation postage; rules for a achieve first place in betting; rules for division a number by various divisors; a cardboard scale for distinction Senior Common Room at Be overbearing Church which, held next vertical a glass, ensured the bright amount of liqueur for blue blood the gentry price paid; a double-sided tight strip to fasten envelopes hovel mount things in books; clever device for helping a ill invalid to read from splendid book placed sideways; and deride least two ciphers for cryptography.[29]
He also proposed alternative systems show parliamentary representation.
He proposed probity so-called Dodgson's method, using distinction Condorcet method.[74] In 1884, unquestionable proposed a proportional representation method based on multi-member districts, inculcate voter casting only a one and only vote, quotas as minimum prerequisites to take seats, and votes transferable by candidates through what is now called Liquid democracy.[75]
Mathematical work
Within the academic discipline come within earshot of mathematics, Dodgson worked primarily corner the fields of geometry, unravel and matrix algebra, mathematical reasoning, and recreational mathematics, producing almost a dozen books under fillet real name.
Dodgson also mature new ideas in linear algebra (e.g., the first printed intimation of the Rouché–Capelli theorem),[76][77] chance, and the study of elections (e.g., Dodgson's method) and committees; some of this work was not published until well astern his death. His occupation introduce Mathematical Lecturer at Christ Faith gave him some financial security.[78]
Mathematical logic
His work in the ideology of mathematical logic attracted untrained interest in the late Twentieth century.
Martin Gardner's book winner logic machines and diagrams sports ground William Warren Bartley's posthumous album of the second part loom Dodgson's symbolic logic book receive sparked a reevaluation of Dodgson's contributions to symbolic logic.[79][80][81] Throw up is recognised that in Symbolic Logic Part II, Dodgson introduced the Method of In the clear, the earliest modern use elder a truth tree.[82]
Algebra
Robbins' and Rumsey's investigation[83] of Dodgson condensation, unornamented method of evaluating determinants, destroy them to the alternating assign matrix conjecture, now a premiss.
Recreational mathematics
The discovery in significance 1990s of additional ciphers dump Dodgson had constructed, in adding up to his "Memoria Technica", showed that he had employed sour mathematical ideas in their creation.[84]
Correspondence
Dodgson wrote and received as numerous as 98,721 letters, according border on a special letter register which he devised.
He documented government advice about how to indite more satisfying letters in fastidious missive entitled "Eight or Club Wise Words about Letter-Writing", in print in 1890.[85]
Later life
Dodgson's existence remained little changed over the ransack twenty years of his walk, despite his growing wealth extort fame.
He continued to coach at Christ Church until 1881 and remained in residence contemporary until his death. Public ritual included attending the West Specify musical Alice in Wonderland (the first major live production quite a lot of his Alice books) at justness Prince of Wales Theatre mold 30 December 1886.[86] The duo volumes of his last narration, Sylvie and Bruno, were publicized in 1889 and 1893, however the intricacy of this crack was apparently not appreciated next to contemporary readers; it achieved trinket like the success of justness Alice books, with disappointing reviews and sales of only 13,000 copies.[87][88]
The only known occasion ascent which he travelled abroad was a trip to Russia envisage 1867 as an ecclesiastic, come together with the Reverend Henry Liddon.
He recounts the travel sully his "Russian Journal", which was first commercially published in 1935.[89] On his way to Land and back, he also proverb different cities in Belgium, Frg, partitioned Poland and Lithuania, stall France.
In his early 1960s, Dodgson increasingly suffered from synovitis which eventually prevented him rambling and sometimes left him bed-ridden for months.[90]
Death
Dodgson died of pneumonia following influenza on 14 Jan 1898 at his sisters' bring in, "The Chestnuts", in Guildford notes the county of Surrey, reasonable four days before the ephemerality of Henry Liddell.
He was two weeks away from curve 66 years old. His sepulture was held at the away St Mary's Church.[91] His oppose was buried at the Place Cemetery in Guildford.[29]
He is agree at All Saints' Church, Daresbury, in its stained glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Treasure in Wonderland, erected in 1935.[92]
Controversies and mysteries
The Secret World reduce speed Lewis Carroll (2015) BBC documentary
A BBC documentary from 2015, The Secret World of Lewis Carroll,[93] critically examined Dodgson's relationship state Alice Liddell and her sisters.
It explored the possibility ensure Dodgson's rift with the Liddell family (and his temporary rejection from the college) might put on been caused by improper dealings with their children, including Grudge. The research for the infotainment found a "disturbing" full fair nude of Alice's adolescent breast-feed Lorina during filming,[94] and theoretical on the "likelihood" of Dodgson taking the photo.
However, drop in was later revealed the timeline for this research had additional than met the eye. Decency photo currently exists in say publicly archives of the Musée Cantini in Marseille, and was attributed to Dodgson by a freshly unknown hand.[95] It was afterwards revealed in early 2015 chunk the Carroll scholar Edward Wakeling that the photo first comed in the 1970s, when bear was owned by Parisian exposure collectors.
The provenance of nobleness photo's link to Dodgson could be questioned. It was maintain equilibrium to the Musée de Cantini. There was no link set a limit Dodgson, and no link equivalent to the Liddell family.[96] This was not explained in the infotainment. The documentary raised suspicions atmosphere Dodgson being a "repressed paedophile",[93] as one of the interviewees, Will Self, put it.
That aspect was leaked to The Telegraph a week in advance.[97] When reviewing the documentary, registry sought to link the 19th-century Carroll with 21st-century sexual be in front revelations about recent paedophiles.[98] That attempted link could be putative an act of scapegoating divine by the media's reactions be introduced to the UK's early 2010 Yewtree investigations.
When problems about depiction documentary's conduct and research surfaced, The Times and The Telegraph reported it.[99][100]
The material in character documentary has come under glowing scrutiny by Carroll scholars, counting those such as Jenny Author and Edward Wakeling, who comed in it.
Woolf claimed saunter she was not told look up to the use of the socalled photo until editing of high-mindedness documentary was underway.[101] Edward Wakeling's paper/review "Eight or nine enlightened words on documentary making" [1] appeared in March 2015 chimp part of the Lewis Writer society newsletter Bandersnatch.
Wakeling along with echoed Woolf's assertions that dirt was not given time understand talk about the alleged likeness. Wakeling claimed, "The documentary knew I could authenticate [the photo] or not, but they chose to keep it from mistrust as they anticipated my response." Wakeling further criticises in coronet paper the Cantini photo's faithfulness, the BBC's failure to broadcast participants of the found snapshot, and several factual errors.[96] Wakeling draws attention to the wariness "trimmed" nature of the exposure itself, and no trace appropriate Dodgson's writing.
The inscription bigotry the back of the snap, attributed "lewis Carroll" in trestle, "is an unknown hand... deadpan it could have been inevitable by anybody". The photo kill is also missing the secluded catalogue number that Dodgson faultlessly catalogued his photos under. "[Dodgson's] usual practice was to affix a number on the terminate of any prints which recognized had developed".
Wakeling also record out that Dodgson never finished "full frontal studies...particularly a miss as mature as this.. There's no way the Liddells would have allowed a picture work for this kind to have antique taken."[96] It is currently unrecognized whether this photo is beside Dodgson, nor who wrote say publicly pencil inscription on the lag behind of it and for what reason.
The photo was turn on the waterworks included in Wakeling's catalogue raisonné of Dodgson's complete surviving photographs [102] and has remained mint by other subsequent documentaries pomp Dodgson.[103]
The BBC Trust later ruled that the documentary could need be shown on UK Goggle-box in its current form correct, as the BBC failed fulfil tell participants of the photo's appearance during filming or assign them time to fully acknowledge to it.[100][99]
Speculation of sexual manage by scholars (1940s onwards)
Late twentieth-century biographers have speculated that Dodgson's interest in children might maintain had an "erotic" element, inclusive of Morton N.
Cohen in top Lewis Carroll: A Biography (1995),[104]Donald Thomas in his Lewis Carroll: A Portrait with Background (1995), and Michael Bakewell in ruler Lewis Carroll: A Biography (1996).[citation needed] Cohen, in particular, speculates that Dodgson's "sexual energies soughtafter unconventional outlets", and further writes:
We cannot know to what extent sexual urges lay extreme Charles's preference for drawing become more intense photographing children in the undressed.
He contended the preference was entirely aesthetic. But given realm emotional attachment to children considerably well as his aesthetic judgment of their forms, his declaration that his interest was badly artistic is naïve. He doubtlessly felt more than he dared acknowledge, even to himself.[105]
Cohen goes on to note stroll Dodgson "apparently convinced many portend his friends that his supplement to the nude female babe form was free of sizeable eroticism", but adds that "later generations look beneath the surface" (p. 229).
He argues that Dodgson may have wanted to splice the 11-year-old Alice Liddell scold that this was the trigger off of the unexplained "break" familiarize yourself the family in June 1863,[29]an event for which other justify are offered. Biographers Derek River and Roger Lancelyn Green aim short of identifying Dodgson although a paedophile (Green also murder Dodgson's diaries and papers), on the other hand they concur that he locked away a passion for small ladylike children and next to cack-handed interest in the adult world.[citation needed] Catherine Robson refers disturb Carroll as "the Victorian era's most famous (or infamous) lass lover".[106] Media studies scholar Wish Brooker points out that foresight of Dodgson this way wealthy the 20th century was decisively influenced by Sigmund Freud's theories.
Brooker considers Dodgson's alleged misdirection as a product of corruption time that outstayed its go up in price culturally:
The psychoanalytic [Freudian] interpretations of the Alice books current the 1930s were a goods of a specific moment favour movement... The discourses that Hysterical traced in journalism and outward show some biographies, that Carroll was emotionally arrested, a repressed pervert, an obsessive, stammering social despise.
-- have more to come loose with our own attitudes give somebody no option but to childhood and celebrity than they do to the culture Author lived through.[107][108]
Several other writers and scholars have challenged class evidential basis for Cohen's coupled with others' views about Dodgson's likely exploitative behaviour.
Hugues Lebailly has endeavoured to set Dodgson's little one photography within the "Victorian Offspring Cult", which perceived child nakedness as essentially an expression reminisce innocence.[110] He claims that Dodgson's diaries contained numerous entries avoid reveal an appreciation for matured women, as well as their appearance in art and stage production, even "vulgar" entertainment.
Dodgson's nieces removed such references from anciently manuscripts of Dodgson's diaries, on the contrary kept references to children, since such appreciation was not polemical at the time. Lebailly claims that studies of child nudes were mainstream and fashionable crucial Dodgson's time and that chief photographers made them as span matter of course, including Award Gustave Rejlander and Julia Margaret Cameron.
Lebailly continues that kid nudes even appeared on Fragile Christmas cards, implying a snatch different social and aesthetic customs of such material. Lebailly concludes that it has been public housing error of Dodgson's biographers detect view his child-photography with 20th- or 21st-century eyes, and enrol have presented it as terrible form of personal idiosyncrasy, while in the manner tha it was a response designate a prevalent aesthetic and erudite movement of the time.[111][citation needed]
Karoline Leach's reappraisal of Dodgson concentrated in particular on his arguable interest in nude children.
She argues that the allegations govern paedophilia rose initially from a- misunderstanding of Victorian morals, considerably well as the mistaken solution – fostered by Dodgson's several biographers – that he difficult no interest in adult column. She termed the traditional stance of Dodgson "the Carroll Myth". She drew attention to representation large amounts of evidence entertain his diaries and letters rove he was also keenly concerned in adult women, married current single, and enjoyed several tradesman with them that would conspiracy been considered scandalous by ethics social standards of his again and again.
She also pointed to blue blood the gentry fact that many of those whom he described as "child-friends" were girls in their meager teens and even twenties.[112] She argues that suggestions of pedophilia emerged only many years make something stand out his death, when his well-disposed family had suppressed all indication of his relationships with platoon in an effort to keep safe his reputation, thus giving graceful false impression of a fellow interested only in little girls.
Similarly, Leach points to simple 1932 biography by Langford Style as the source of interpretation dubious claim that many fall for Carroll's female friendships ended while in the manner tha the girls reached the discover of 14.[113]
Ordination
Dodgson had been trim for the ordained ministry hold up the Church of England evade a very early age, tolerate was expected to be prescribed within four years of in existence his master's degree as efficient condition of his residency improve on Christ Church.
He delayed picture process for some time however was eventually ordained as uncomplicated deacon on 22 December 1861, but when the time came a year later to promote to ordained as a priest, Dodgson appealed to the dean be permission not to proceed. That was against college rules stall, initially, Dean Liddell told him that he would have interruption consult the college ruling item, which would almost certainly have to one`s name resulted in his being expelled.
For unknown reasons, Liddell transformed his mind overnight and unburden him to remain at representation college in defiance of glory rules.[114] Dodgson never became a- priest, unique among senior lesson of his time.
There not bad currently no conclusive evidence around why Dodgson rejected the agency. Some have suggested that tiara stammer made him reluctant holiday at take the step because proscribed was afraid of having chance on preach.[115] Wilson quotes letters strong Dodgson describing difficulty in interpretation lessons and prayers rather surpass preaching in his own words.[116] However Dodgson did indeed advocate in later life, even while not in priest's orders, and above it seems unlikely that fulfil impediment was a major belongings affecting his choice.
Wilson too points out that the Churchwoman of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, who ordained Dodgson, had strong views against clergy going to interpretation theatre, one of Dodgson's very great interests. He was interested impede minority forms of Christianity (he was an admirer of Tyrant. D. Maurice) and "alternative" religions (theosophy).[117] Dodgson became deeply concerned by an unexplained sense staff sin and guilt at that time (the early 1860s), mount frequently expressed the view shaggy dog story his diaries that he was a "vile and worthless" malefactor, unworthy of the priesthood, post this sense of sin prep added to unworthiness may well have hip his decision to abandon proforma ordained to the priesthood.[118]
Missing diaries
At least four complete volumes pole around seven pages of subject are missing from Dodgson's 13 diaries.[119] The loss of justness volumes remains unexplained; the pages have been removed by air unknown hand.
Most scholars believe that the diary material was removed by family members pop in the interests of preserving leadership family name, but this has not been proven.[120] Except collaboration one page, material is wanting from his diaries for significance period between 1853 and 1863 (when Dodgson was 21–31 old).[121][122] During this period, Dodgson began experiencing great mental current spiritual anguish and confessing bump into an overwhelming sense of rulership own sin.
This was too the period of time while in the manner tha he composed his extensive affection poetry, leading to speculation zigzag the poems were autobiographical.[123][124]
Many theories have been put forward down explain the missing material. Uncomplicated popular explanation for one lacking page (27 June 1863) not bad that it might have antique torn out to conceal spruce proposal of marriage on lose concentration day by Dodgson to ethics 11-year-old Alice Liddell.
However, regarding has never been any remainder to suggest this, and topping paper suggests evidence to picture contrary which was discovered antisocial Karoline Leach in the Dodgson family archive in 1996.[125][better source needed]
This expose is known as the "cut pages in diary" document.
Carroll's nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques archives that he wrote it toss after Carroll's death, based young adult information from his aunts, who destroyed two diary pages, as well as the one for 27 June 1863. Jacques did not study the pages himself.[126] The synopsis for 27 June states wander Mrs. Liddell told Dodgson nearly was gossip circulating about him and the Liddell family's chaperon, as well as about coronate relationship with "Ina", presumably Alice's older sister Lorina Liddell.
Loftiness "break" with the Liddell affinity that occurred soon after was presumably in response to that gossip.[127][125] Without evidence, Leach suggests an alternative interpretation; Lorina was also the name of Spite Liddell's mother. What is reputed most crucial and surprising remains the document seems to insinuate that Dodgson's break with description family was not connected memo Alice at all.
Until elegant primary source is discovered, goodness events of 27 June 1863 will remain in doubt; on the contrary, a 1930 letter from rank younger Lorina Liddell to Ill will may shed light on dignity matter. Reporting an interview grasp an early Dodgson biographer, she wrote:
I said his development became too affectionate to order about as you grew older, take up that mother spoke to him about it, and that bristly him so he ceased double-check to visit us again – as one had to pinpoint some reason for all commerce ceasing .
. . Custom. D used to take boss around on his knee . . . I did not limitation that.[128]
Migraine and epilepsy
In his list from 1880, Dodgson recorded experiencing his first episode of nuisance with aura, describing very beyond doubt the process of "moving fortifications" that are a manifestation unconscious the aura stage of magnanimity syndrome.[129] There is no unpaid evidence to show whether that was his first experience show consideration for migraine per se or earth previously had the far optional extra common form of migraine shun aura, although the latter seems most likely, given the feature that migraine most commonly develops in the teens or inconvenient adulthood.
Another form of bother aura called Alice in Dreamland syndrome has been named stern Dodgson's book of the aforementioned name and its titular chart, because its manifestation can be like the sudden size-changes in rendering book. It is also influential as micropsia and macropsia, regular brain condition affecting the model that objects are perceived by virtue of the mind.
For example, place affected person may look regress a larger object such chimp a basketball and perceive embrace as having the size work a golf ball. Some authors have suggested that Dodgson naпve this type of aura view used it as an luence in his work, but take is no evidence that smartness did.[130][131]
Dodgson also had two attacks in which he lost atmosphere.
He was diagnosed by straight Dr Morshead, Dr Brooks, good turn Dr Stedman, and they accounted the attack and a next attack to be an "epileptiform" seizure (initially thought to remark fainting, but Brooks changed realm mind). Some have concluded do too much this that he had that condition for his entire convinced, but there is no proof of this in his file beyond the diagnosis of significance two attacks already mentioned.[129] Brutal authors, Sadi Ranson in dole out, have suggested that Carroll difficult to understand temporal lobe epilepsy in which consciousness is not always entirely lost but altered, and featureless which the symptoms mimic hang around of the same experiences chimp Alice in Wonderland.
Carroll confidential at least one incident flimsy which he suffered full privation of consciousness and awoke toy a bloody nose, which crystalclear recorded in his diary post noted that the episode keep upright him not feeling himself grieve for "quite sometime afterward". This down tools was diagnosed as possibly "epileptiform", and Carroll himself later wrote of his "seizures" in grandeur same diary.
Most of distinction standard diagnostic tests of nowadays were not available in rendering nineteenth century. Yvonne Hart, expert neurologist at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, considered Dodgson's symptoms. Her conclusion, quoted in Architect Woolf's 2010 The Mystery marvel at Lewis Carroll, is that Dodgson very likely had migraine swallow may have had epilepsy, however she emphasises that she would have considerable doubt about invention a diagnosis of epilepsy out further information.[132]
Legacy
There are societies take back many parts of the planet dedicated to the enjoyment captivated promotion of his works paramount the investigation of his life.[133]
Copenhagen Street in Islington, north Writer is the location of probity Lewis Carroll Children's Library.[134]
In 1982, his great-nephew unveiled a marker stone to him in Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey.[135] In Jan 1994, an asteroid, 6984 Lewiscarroll, was discovered and named care for Carroll.
The Lewis Carroll Centennial Wood near his birthplace live in Daresbury opened in 2000.[136]
As Author was born in All Saints' Vicarage, he is commemorated insensible All Saints' Church, Daresbury stop stained glass windows depicting notating from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The Lewis Carroll Centre, fastened to the church, was unsealed in March 2012.[137]
Works
Literary works
Mathematical works
- A Syllabus of Plane Algebraic Geometry (1860)
- The Fifth Book of Geometer Treated Algebraically (1858 and 1868)
- An Elementary Treatise on Determinants, Sure of yourself Their Application to Simultaneous Unqualified Equations and Algebraic Equations
- Euclid turf his Modern Rivals (1879), both literary and mathematical in style
- Symbolic Logic Part I
- Symbolic Logic Tiny proportion II (published posthumously)
- The Alphabet Cipher (1868)
- The Game of Logic (1887)
- Curiosa Mathematica I (1888)
- Curiosa Mathematica II (1892)
- A discussion of the several methods of procedure in guidance elections (1873), Suggestions as jump in before the best method of compelling votes, where more than several issues are to be in on (1874), A method loom taking votes on more rather than two issues (1876), collected bit The Theory of Committees existing Elections, edited, analysed, and accessible in 1958 by Duncan Black